/*********************************************************************** MUSCLE INPUT FILE FOR USE WITH THE 7 SEGMENT KINEMATIC MODEL OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY CREATED BY SCOTT L. DELP This muscle file specifies: (1) a dimensionless force-length curve for tendon, (2) dimensionless force-length curves for muscle, (3) a dimensionless force-velocity curve for muscle, and (4) definitions of forty-three lower limb muscles. The definition of each muscle contains a list of coordinates that describe its line of action and the parameters (peak isometric force, optimal fiber length, tendon slack length, and pennation angle) needed to compute isometric muscle force. Additional parameters can be added to create a dynamics-based muscle model. The model is assumed to be a right leg. JOURNAL ARTICLE REFERENCES The model of the lower limb is defined as an input file for SIMM (Software for Interactive Musculoskeletal Modeling). An overview of this software and its input file structure is given in: Delp, S.L. and Loan, J.P.: A software system to develop and analyze models of musculoskeletal structures, Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 25, pp. 21-34, 1995. The details of the lower limb model are described in the follow publications: Delp, S.L., Loan, J.P., Hoy, M.G., Zajac, F.E., Topp E.L., Rosen, J.M.: An interactive graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 37, pp. 757-767, 1990. Delp, "Surgery Simulation: A computer graphics system to analyze and design musculoskeletal reconstructions of the lower extremity," Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1990. Additional information on the lower limb model can be obtained by contacting Scott L. Delp, Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Room 1406, 345 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA (delp@nwu.edu). Additional information on the musculoskeletal modeling software can be obtained by contacting J. Peter Loan, MusculoGraphics Inc., 1840 Oak Avenue, Evanston IL, 60201, USA (jloan@merle.acns.nwu.edu). The muscle model used with the lower limb model is described in the following publications: Zajac, "Muscle and tendon: Properties, models, scaling, and application to biomechanics and motor control," in CRC reviews in biomedical engineering vol.17, issue 4, pp. 359-411, 1989. Delp, S.L. and Loan, J.P.: A software system to develop and analyze models of musculoskeletal structures, Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 25, pp. 21-34, 1995. REFERENCES FOR THE MUSCLE-TENDON PARAMETERS References are given for each musculotendon parameter below. These references are: Brand: Brand, Peterson, and Friederich, "The sensitivity of muscle force predictions to changes in physiologic cross-sectional area," J. Biomech., Vol. 19, pp. 589-596, 1986. Wickiewicz: Wickiewicz, et al., "Muscle architecture of the human lower limb," Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res., Vol. 179, pp. 275-283, 1983. Friederick: Friederick and Brand,"Muscle fiber architecture in the Human lower limb" J. Biomech. Vol. 23, pp. 91-95, 1990. Delp: Delp, et al.,"An interactive, graphics-based model of the lower extremity to study orthopaedic surgical procedures," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., Vol. 37, pp. 557-567, 1990. LOCATION OF REFERENCE FRAMES Each musculotendon path is defined as series of three-dimensional coordinates. Each coordinate is fixed in a body-segmental reference frame. The location of these frames is as follows. PELVIS: The pelvic reference frame is fixed at the midpoint of the line connecting the two ASIS. FEMUR: The femoral frame is fixed at the center of the femoral head TIBIA: The tibial segment is located at the mid point of the line between the medial and lateral femoral epicondyles (see note belowĘ). PATELLA: The patellar frame is located at the most distal point of the patella. TALUS: The talar frame is located at the midpoint of the line between the apeces of the medial and lateral maleoli. CALCANUS: The calcaneal frame is located at the most distal, inferior point on the posterior surface of the calcaneus. TOES: The toe frame is located at the base of the second metatarsal In the anatomical position, the X-axes point anteriorly, the Y-axes point superiorly, and the Z-axes point laterally. Also note that this muscle file must be used with a joint file that has the same reference segments. ĘThe coordinates of the tibial tuberosity in the tibia frame are t = (0.039, -0.082, 0.000). The origin of the tibia reference frame could be moved to the tibial tuberosity using t. To do this, t would need to be subtracted from all the muscle points in the tibia segment and from the vertices in tibia and fibula bone files. Also, the translations in the femur-tibia joint, the tibia-patella joint, and the tibia-talus joint would need to be transformed. ***********************************************************************/ /*********************************************************************** If parameters of a particular muscle are not specified within a muscle definition, then the values defined in the "default muscle" are used. The force-length curves of the default muscle are used in almost all of the muscles. However, each muscle-tendon complex must have a line of action defined by at least two 3D coordinates. ***********************************************************************/ beginmuscle defaultmuscle begintendonforcelengthcurve /* (tendon strain, normalized force) */ (-10.000,0.0000) (-0.0020,0.0000) (-0.0010,0.0000) (0.00000,0.0000) (0.00131,0.0108) (0.00281,0.0257) (0.00431,0.0435) (0.00581,0.0652) (0.00731,0.0915) (0.00881,0.123) (0.01030,0.161) (0.01180,0.208) (0.01230,0.227) (9.20000,345.0) (9.20100,345.0) (9.20200,345.0) (20.0000,345.0) endtendonforcelengthcurve beginactiveforcelengthcurve /* (norm length, norm force) */ (-5.00000,0.000000) (0.000000,0.000000) (0.401000,0.000000) (0.402000,0.000000) (0.403500,0.000000) (0.527250,0.226667) (0.628750,0.636667) (0.718750,0.856667) (0.861250,0.950000) (1.045000,0.993333) (1.217500,0.770000) (1.438750,0.246667) (1.618750,0.000000) (1.620000,0.000000) (1.621000,0.000000) (2.200000,0.000000) (5.000000,0.000000) endactiveforcelengthcurve beginpassiveforcelengthcurve /* (norm length, norm force) */ (-5.00000,0.000000) (0.998000,0.000000) (0.999000,0.000000) (1.000000,0.000000) (1.100000,0.035) (1.200000,0.120) (1.300000,0.260) (1.400000,0.550) (1.500000,1.170) (1.600000,2.000000) (1.601000,2.000000) (1.602000,2.000000) (5.000000,2.000000) endpassiveforcelengthcurve beginforcevelocitycurve /* velocity, normalized force */ (-1.000000,0.000000) (-0.950000,0.010417) (-0.900000,0.021739) (-0.850000,0.034091) (-0.800000,0.047619) (-0.750000,0.062500) (-0.700000,0.078947) (-0.650000,0.097222) (-0.600000,0.117647) (-0.550000,0.140625) (-0.500000,0.166667) (-0.450000,0.196429) (-0.400000,0.230769) (-0.350000,0.270833) (-0.300000,0.318182) (-0.250000,0.375000) (-0.200000,0.444444) (-0.150000,0.531250) (-0.100000,0.642857) (-0.050000,0.791667) (0.000000,1.000000) (0.050000,1.482014) (0.100000,1.601571) (0.150000,1.655791) (0.200000,1.686739) (0.250000,1.706751) (0.300000,1.720753) (0.350000,1.731099) (0.400000,1.739055) (0.450000,1.745365) (0.500000,1.750490) (0.550000,1.754736) (0.600000,1.758312) (0.650000,1.761364) (0.700000,1.763999) (0.750000,1.766298) (0.800000,1.768321) (0.850000,1.770115) (0.900000,1.771717) (0.950000,1.773155) (1.000000,1.774455) endforcevelocitycurve tendon_stress@max_force 32.0 /* MPa */ tendon_elastic_modulus 1200.0 /* MPa */ endmuscle /********************************************************************** The rest of the file gives definitions for each muscle by: (1) giving the muscle a name (2) defining the muscle path (3) specifying the functional groups (4) specifying for parameters that scale the generic muscle-tendon model. These parameters are: Peak isometric force, based on physiologic cross-sectional area (N); optimal muscle-fiber length (meters); tendon slack length (meters); pennation angle at optimal fiber length (degrees). ***********************************************************************/ beginmuscle GMED1 /*gluteus medius (anterior compartment) */ beginpoints -0.0408 0.0304 0.1209 segment PELVIS -0.0218 -0.0117 0.0555 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_abd hip_flex hip_inrot endgroups force_max 546.0 /* units: Newtons, source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0535 /* units: meters, source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.0780 /* units: meters, source: Delp */ pennation_angle 8.0 /* units: degrees, source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle GMED2 /*gluteus medius (middle compartment) */ beginpoints -0.0855 0.04450 0.0766 segment PELVIS -0.0258 -0.0058 0.0527 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_abd endgroups force_max 382.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0845 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.0530 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 0.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle GMED3 /*gluteus medius (posterior compartment) */ beginpoints -0.1223 0.0105 0.0648 segment PELVIS -0.0309 -0.0047 0.0518 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_abd hip_exrot hip_ext endgroups force_max 435.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0646 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.0530 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 19.0 /* source: Friederich*/ endmuscle beginmuscle GMIN1 /*gluteus minimus (anterior compartment) */ beginpoints -0.0467 -0.0080 0.1056 segment PELVIS -0.0072 -0.0104 0.0560 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_abd hip_flex hip_inrot endgroups force_max 180.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0680 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.0160 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 10.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle GMIN2 /*gluteus minimus (middle compartment) */ beginpoints -0.0633 -0.0065 0.0991 segment PELVIS -0.0096 -0.0104 0.0560 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_abd endgroups force_max 190.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0560 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.0260 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 0.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle GMIN3 /*gluteus minimus (posterior compartment) */ beginpoints -0.0834 -0.0063 0.0856 segment PELVIS -0.0135 -0.0083 0.0550 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_abd hip_exrot hip_ext endgroups force_max 215.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0380 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.0510 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 1.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle SEMIMEM /* semimembranosus */ beginpoints -0.1192 -0.1015 0.0695 segment PELVIS -0.0243 -0.0536 -0.0194 segment TIBIA endpoints begingroups hip_ext hip_add knee_bend endgroups force_max 1030.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0800 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.3590 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 15.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle SEMITEN /* semitendinosus */ beginpoints -0.1237 -0.1043 0.0603 segment PELVIS -0.0314 -0.0545 -0.0146 segment TIBIA -0.0113 -0.0746 -0.0245 segment TIBIA 0.0027 -0.0956 -0.0193 segment TIBIA endpoints begingroups hip_ext hip_add knee_bend endgroups force_max 328.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.2010 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.2620 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 5.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle BIFEMLH /* biceps femoris (long head) */ beginpoints -0.1244 -0.1001 0.0666 segment PELVIS -0.0081 -0.0729 0.0423 segment TIBIA endpoints begingroups hip_ext hip_add knee_bend endgroups force_max 717.0 /* source: Brand (Wick lumps the two heads) */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1090 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.3410 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 0.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle BIFEMSH /* biceps femoris (short head) */ beginpoints 0.0050 -0.2111 0.0234 segment FEMUR -0.0101 -0.0725 0.0406 segment TIBIA endpoints begingroups knee_bend endgroups force_max 402.0 /* source:Brand (Wick lumps the two heads) */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1730 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.1000 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 23.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle SAR /* sartorius */ beginpoints -0.0153 -0.0013 0.1242 segment PELVIS -0.0030 -0.3568 -0.0421 segment FEMUR -0.0056 -0.0419 -0.0399 segment TIBIA 0.0060 -0.0589 -0.0383 segment TIBIA 0.0243 -0.0840 -0.0252 segment TIBIA endpoints begingroups hip_flex hip_abd knee_bend endgroups force_max 104.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.5790 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.0400 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 0.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle ADDLONG /* adductor longus */ beginpoints -0.0316 -0.0836 0.0169 segment PELVIS 0.0050 -0.2111 0.0234 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_add hip_ext hip_flex endgroups force_max 418.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1380 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.1100 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 6.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle ADDBREV /* adductor brevis*/ beginpoints -0.0587 -0.0915 0.0164 segment PELVIS 0.0009 -0.1196 0.0294 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_add hip_flex endgroups force_max 286.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1330 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.0200 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 0.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle AMAG1 /* adductor magnus (superior component) */ beginpoints -0.0732 -0.1174 0.0255 segment PELVIS -0.0045 -0.1211 0.0339 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_ext hip_add endgroups force_max 346.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0870 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.0600 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 5.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle AMAG2 /* adductor magnus (middle component) */ beginpoints -0.0831 -0.1192 0.0308 segment PELVIS 0.0054 -0.2285 0.0227 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_ext hip_add endgroups force_max 312.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1210 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.1300 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 3.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle AMAG3 /* adductor magnus (inferior component) */ beginpoints -0.0771 -0.1181 0.0276 segment PELVIS 0.0070 -0.3837 -0.0266 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_ext hip_add endgroups force_max 444.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1310 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.2600 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 5.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle TFL /*tensor faciae latae */ beginpoints -0.0311 0.0214 0.1241 segment PELVIS 0.0294 -0.0995 0.0597 segment FEMUR 0.0054 -0.4049 0.0357 segment FEMUR 0.0060 -0.0487 0.0297 segment TIBIA endpoints begingroups hip_abd hip_flex hip_inrot endgroups force_max 155.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0950 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.4250 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 3.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle PECT /* pectineus */ beginpoints -0.0431 -0.0768 0.0451 segment PELVIS -0.0122 -0.0822 0.0253 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_add hip_flex endgroups force_max 177.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1330 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.0010 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 0.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle GRA /* gracilis */ beginpoints -0.0563 -0.1038 0.0079 segment PELVIS -0.0154 -0.0475 -0.0358 segment TIBIA 0.0060 -0.0836 -0.0228 segment TIBIA endpoints begingroups hip_add knee_bend hip_flex endgroups force_max 108.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.3520 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.1400 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 3.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle GMAX1 /* gluteus maximus (superior component) */ /* passes through deeper muscles beyond 70 degrees of hip flexion */ beginpoints -0.1195 0.0612 0.0700 segment PELVIS -0.1291 0.0012 0.0886 segment PELVIS -0.0457 -0.0248 0.0392 segment FEMUR -0.0277 -0.0566 0.0470 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_ext hip_abd endgroups force_max 382.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1420 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.1250 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 5.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle GMAX2 /* gluteus maximus (middle component) */ /* passes through deeper muscles beyond 70 degrees of hip flexion */ beginpoints -0.1349 0.0176 0.0563 segment PELVIS -0.1376 -0.0520 0.0914 segment PELVIS -0.0426 -0.0530 0.0293 segment FEMUR -0.0156 -0.1016 0.0419 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_ext endgroups force_max 546.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1470 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.1270 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 0.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle GMAX3 /* gluteus maximus (inferior component) */ /* Intersects ischial tuberocity beyond about 60 degrees of hip flexion. */ /* Moment arms are therefore too small in this range. */ beginpoints -0.1556 -0.0314 0.0058 segment PELVIS -0.1529 -0.1052 0.0403 segment PELVIS -0.0299 -0.1041 0.0135 segment FEMUR -0.0060 -0.1419 0.0411 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_ext endgroups force_max 368.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1440 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.1450 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 5.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle ILIACUS /* May want to define wraping points */ /* Line of action passes through joint capsule when hip is extended */ beginpoints -0.0674 0.0365 0.0854 segment PELVIS -0.0218 -0.0550 0.0851 segment PELVIS 0.0017 -0.0543 0.0057 segment FEMUR -0.0193 -0.0621 0.0129 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_flex hip_inrot endgroups force_max 429.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1000 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.0900 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 7.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle PSOAS /* may want to define wraping points */ /* Line of action passes through joint capsule when hip is extended */ beginpoints -0.0647 0.0887 0.0289 segment PELVIS -0.0238 -0.0570 0.0759 segment PELVIS 0.0016 -0.0507 0.0038 segment FEMUR -0.0188 -0.0597 0.0104 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_flex hip_inrot endgroups force_max 371.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1040 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.1300 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 8.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle QUADFEM /* quadatus femoris */ beginpoints -0.1143 -0.1151 0.0520 segment PELVIS -0.0381 -0.0359 0.0366 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_exrot endgroups force_max 254.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0540 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.0240 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 0.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle GEM /* gemelli */ beginpoints -0.1133 -0.0820 0.0714 segment PELVIS -0.0142 -0.0033 0.0443 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_exrot endgroups force_max 109.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0240 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.0390 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 0.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle PERI /* periformis */ beginpoints -0.1396 0.0003 0.0235 segment PELVIS -0.1193 -0.0276 0.0657 segment PELVIS -0.0148 -0.0036 0.0437 segment FEMUR endpoints begingroups hip_exrot hip_abd endgroups force_max 296.0 /* source: Brand */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0260 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.1150 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 10.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle /*********************************************************************** The quadriceps have points in their path definitions that are only part of the muscle path over a specified range of knee angles. These so called "wrapping points" were defined by finding the knee angles at which the muscle paths intersect the bone surface and then adding muscle points to the path so that the muscle wraps over the bone. This is needed for the quadriceps to wrap over the femur as the knee is flexed. Wrapping points can be specified for ranges of any number of generalized coordinates. For example, a muscle definition that included "ranges 2 HIPflex (0.0,0.5) HIPadd (0.25,0.30)"would have a muscle point that only became part of the path when the hip flexion angle was (0.0 - 0.5) and the hip adductions angle was (0.25 - 0.30)/ ***********************************************************************/ beginmuscle RF /*rectus femoris */ beginpoints -0.0295 -0.0311 0.0968 segment PELVIS 0.0334 -0.4030 0.0019 segment FEMUR range KNEEang (-3.0, -1.46) /* radians */ 0.0121 0.0437 -0.0010 segment PATELLA endpoints begingroups hip_flex knee_ext endgroups force_max 779.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0840 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.3460 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 5.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle VASMED /* vastus medialis */ beginpoints 0.0140 -0.2099 0.0188 segment FEMUR 0.0356 -0.2769 0.0009 segment FEMUR 0.0370 -0.4048 -0.0125 segment FEMUR range KNEEang (-3.0, -1.21) 0.0274 -0.4255 -0.0131 segment FEMUR range KNEEang (-3.0, -1.78) 0.0063 0.0445 -0.0170 segment PATELLA endpoints begingroups knee_ext endgroups force_max 1294.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0890 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.1260 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 5.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle VASINT /* vastus intermedius */ beginpoints 0.0290 -0.1924 0.0310 segment FEMUR 0.0335 -0.2084 0.0285 segment FEMUR 0.0343 -0.4030 0.0055 segment FEMUR range KNEEang (-3.0, -1.42) 0.0058 0.0480 -0.0006 segment PATELLA endpoints begingroups knee_ext endgroups force_max 1365.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0870 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.1360 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 3.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle VASLAT /* vastus lateralis*/ beginpoints 0.0048 -0.1854 0.0349 segment FEMUR 0.0269 -0.2591 0.0409 segment FEMUR 0.0361 -0.4030 0.0205 segment FEMUR range KNEEang (-3.0, -1.21) 0.0253 -0.4243 0.0184 segment FEMUR range KNEEang (-3.0, -1.92) 0.0103 0.0423 0.0141 segment PATELLA endpoints begingroups knee_ext endgroups force_max 1871.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0840 /* source: */ tendon_slack_length 0.1570 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 5.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle MEDGAS /* gastrocnemius (medial head) */ beginpoints -0.0127 -0.3929 -0.0235 segment FEMUR -0.0239 -0.4022 -0.0258 segment FEMUR ranges 1 KNEEang (-0.77, 0.1) -0.0217 -0.0487 -0.0295 segment TIBIA 0.0044 0.0310 -0.0053 segment CALCN endpoints begingroups knee_bend ankle_pf endgroups force_max 1113.0 /* source: Brand (Wick lumps the two heads) */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0450 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.4080 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 17.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle LATGAS /* gastrocnemius (medial head) */ beginpoints -0.0155 -0.3946 0.0272 segment FEMUR -0.0254 -0.4018 0.0274 segment FEMUR ranges 1 KNEEang (-0.77, 0.1) -0.0242 -0.0481 0.0235 segment TIBIA 0.0044 0.0310 -0.0053 segment CALCN endpoints begingroups knee_bend ankle_pf endgroups force_max 488.0 /* source:Brand (Wick lumps the two heads) */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0640 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.3850 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 8.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle SOL /* soleus */ beginpoints -0.0024 -0.1533 0.0071 segment TIBIA 0.0044 0.0310 -0.0053 segment CALCN endpoints begingroups ankle_pf endgroups force_max 2839.0 /* source: Wick 3540 = 0.8 */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0300 /* Wick val=.025, Brand val= 0.03 */ tendon_slack_length 0.2680 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 25.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle /*********************************************************************** A special muscle can be made by specifying its properties. For example, a muscle can be given a unique force-length curve. Below a muscle was created (SOLSTIF) with tendon stiffness 100 times greater than the nominal values specified in the "default muscle". ***********************************************************************/ beginmuscle SOLSTIF /* soleus with stiff tendon */ begintendonforcelengthcurve /* (strain,normalized force) */ (-10.0,0.00) (-0.002,0.00) (-0.001,0.00) (0.000,0.00) (0.0013,1.1) (0.0028,2.6) (0.0043,4.3) (0.0058,6.5) (0.0073,9.1) (0.0088,12.3) (0.010,16.1) (0.012,20.8) (0.013,22.7) (9.20,34500.0) (9.20,34500.0) endtendonforcelengthcurve beginpoints -0.0024 -0.1533 0.0071 segment TIBIA 0.0044 0.0310 -0.0053 segment CALCN endpoints begingroups endgroups force_max 2839.0 /* source: Wick 3540 = 0.8 */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0300 /* Wick val=.025, Brand val= 0.03 */ tendon_slack_length 0.2680 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 25.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle TIBPOST /* tibialis posterior */ beginpoints -0.0094 -0.1348 0.0019 segment TIBIA -0.0144 -0.4051 -0.0229 segment TIBIA 0.0417 0.0334 -0.0286 segment CALCN 0.0772 0.0159 -0.0281 segment CALCN endpoints begingroups ankle_pf inverter endgroups force_max 1270.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0310 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.3100 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 12.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle FLEXDIG /* flexor digitorus longus */ beginpoints -0.0083 -0.2046 -0.0018 segment TIBIA -0.0154 -0.4051 -0.0196 segment TIBIA 0.0436 0.0315 -0.0280 segment CALCN 0.0708 0.0176 -0.0263 segment CALCN 0.1658 -0.0081 0.0116 segment CALCN -0.0019 -0.0078 0.0147 segment TOES 0.0285 -0.0071 0.0215 segment TOES 0.0441 -0.0060 0.0242 segment TOES endpoints begingroups ankle_pf inverter endgroups force_max 310.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0340 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.4000 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 7.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle FLEXHAL /* flexor hallucis longus */ beginpoints -0.0079 -0.2334 0.0244 segment TIBIA -0.0186 -0.4079 -0.0174 segment TIBIA 0.0374 0.0276 -0.0241 segment CALCN 0.1038 0.0068 -0.0256 segment CALCN 0.1726 -0.0053 -0.0269 segment CALCN 0.0155 -0.0064 -0.0265 segment TOES 0.0562 -0.0102 -0.0181 segment TOES endpoints begingroups ankle_pf inverter endgroups force_max 322.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0430 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.3800 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 10.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle TIBANT /* tibialis anterior */ beginpoints 0.0179 -0.1624 0.0115 segment TIBIA 0.0329 -0.3951 -0.0177 segment TIBIA 0.1166 0.0178 -0.0305 segment CALCN endpoints begingroups ankle_df inverter endgroups force_max 603.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0980 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.2230 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 5.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle PERBREV /*peroneus brevis */ beginpoints -0.0070 -0.2646 0.0325 segment TIBIA -0.0198 -0.4184 0.0283 segment TIBIA -0.0144 -0.4295 0.0289 segment TIBIA 0.0471 0.0270 0.0233 segment CALCN 0.0677 0.0219 0.0343 segment CALCN endpoints begingroups ankle_pf everter endgroups force_max 348.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0500 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.1610 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 5.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle PERLONG /*peroneus longus */ beginpoints 0.0005 -0.1568 0.0362 segment TIBIA -0.0207 -0.4205 0.0286 segment TIBIA -0.0162 -0.4319 0.0289 segment TIBIA 0.0438 0.0230 0.0221 segment CALCN 0.0681 0.0106 0.0284 segment CALCN 0.0852 0.0069 0.0118 segment CALCN 0.1203 0.0085 -0.0184 segment CALCN endpoints begingroups ankle_pf everter endgroups force_max 754.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0490 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.3450 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 10.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle PERTERT /* peroneus tertius */ beginpoints 0.0010 -0.2804 0.0231 segment TIBIA 0.0229 -0.4069 0.0159 segment TIBIA 0.0857 0.0228 0.0299 segment CALCN endpoints begingroups ankle_df everter endgroups force_max 90.0 /* source: Brand (not reported by wick) */ optimal_fiber_length 0.0790 /* source: Friederich */ tendon_slack_length 0.1000 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 13.0 /* source: Friederich */ endmuscle beginmuscle EXTDIG /* extensor digitorum longus */ beginpoints 0.0032 -0.1381 0.0276 segment TIBIA 0.0289 -0.4007 0.0072 segment TIBIA 0.0922 0.0388 -0.0001 segment CALCN 0.1616 0.0055 0.0130 segment CALCN 0.0003 0.0047 0.0153 segment TOES 0.0443 -0.0004 0.0250 segment TOES endpoints begingroups ankle_df everter endgroups force_max 341.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1020 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.3450 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 8.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle beginmuscle EXTHAL /* extensor hallucis longus */ beginpoints 0.0012 -0.1767 0.0228 segment TIBIA 0.0326 -0.3985 -0.0085 segment TIBIA 0.0970 0.0389 -0.0211 segment CALCN 0.1293 0.0309 -0.0257 segment CALCN 0.1734 0.0139 -0.0280 segment CALCN 0.0298 0.0041 -0.0245 segment TOES 0.0563 0.0034 -0.0186 segment TOES endpoints begingroups ankle_df inverter endgroups force_max 108.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ optimal_fiber_length 0.1110 /* source: Wickiewicz */ tendon_slack_length 0.3050 /* source: Delp */ pennation_angle 6.0 /* source: Wickiewicz */ endmuscle